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-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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-<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
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- "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" [
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-<!ENTITY procfsexample SYSTEM "procfs_example.xml">
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-]>
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-
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-<book id="LKProcfsGuide">
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- <bookinfo>
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- <title>Linux Kernel Procfs Guide</title>
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-
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- <authorgroup>
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- <author>
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- <firstname>Erik</firstname>
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- <othername>(J.A.K.)</othername>
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- <surname>Mouw</surname>
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- <affiliation>
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- <address>
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- <email>mouw@nl.linux.org</email>
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- </address>
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- </affiliation>
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- </author>
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- <othercredit>
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- <contrib>
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- This software and documentation were written while working on the
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- LART computing board
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- (<ulink url="http://www.lartmaker.nl/">http://www.lartmaker.nl/</ulink>),
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- which was sponsored by the Delt University of Technology projects
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- Mobile Multi-media Communications and Ubiquitous Communications.
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- </contrib>
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- </othercredit>
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- </authorgroup>
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-
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- <revhistory>
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- <revision>
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- <revnumber>1.0</revnumber>
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- <date>May 30, 2001</date>
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- <revremark>Initial revision posted to linux-kernel</revremark>
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- </revision>
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- <revision>
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- <revnumber>1.1</revnumber>
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- <date>June 3, 2001</date>
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- <revremark>Revised after comments from linux-kernel</revremark>
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- </revision>
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- </revhistory>
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-
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- <copyright>
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- <year>2001</year>
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- <holder>Erik Mouw</holder>
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- </copyright>
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-
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-
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- <legalnotice>
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- <para>
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- This documentation is free software; you can redistribute it
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- and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
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- License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
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- version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
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- version.
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- </para>
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-
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- <para>
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- This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be
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- useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
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- warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
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- PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
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- </para>
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-
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- <para>
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- You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
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- License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
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- Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
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- MA 02111-1307 USA
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- </para>
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-
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- <para>
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- For more details see the file COPYING in the source
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- distribution of Linux.
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- </para>
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- </legalnotice>
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- </bookinfo>
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-
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-
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-
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-
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- <toc>
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- </toc>
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-
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-
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-
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-
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- <preface id="Preface">
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- <title>Preface</title>
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-
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- <para>
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- This guide describes the use of the procfs file system from
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- within the Linux kernel. The idea to write this guide came up on
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- the #kernelnewbies IRC channel (see <ulink
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- url="http://www.kernelnewbies.org/">http://www.kernelnewbies.org/</ulink>),
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- when Jeff Garzik explained the use of procfs and forwarded me a
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- message Alexander Viro wrote to the linux-kernel mailing list. I
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- agreed to write it up nicely, so here it is.
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- </para>
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-
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- <para>
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- I'd like to thank Jeff Garzik
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- <email>jgarzik@pobox.com</email> and Alexander Viro
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- <email>viro@parcelfarce.linux.theplanet.co.uk</email> for their input,
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- Tim Waugh <email>twaugh@redhat.com</email> for his <ulink
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- url="http://people.redhat.com/twaugh/docbook/selfdocbook/">Selfdocbook</ulink>,
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- and Marc Joosen <email>marcj@historia.et.tudelft.nl</email> for
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- proofreading.
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- </para>
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-
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- <para>
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- Erik
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- </para>
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- </preface>
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-
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-
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-
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-
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- <chapter id="intro">
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- <title>Introduction</title>
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-
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- <para>
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- The <filename class="directory">/proc</filename> file system
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- (procfs) is a special file system in the linux kernel. It's a
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- virtual file system: it is not associated with a block device
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- but exists only in memory. The files in the procfs are there to
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- allow userland programs access to certain information from the
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- kernel (like process information in <filename
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- class="directory">/proc/[0-9]+/</filename>), but also for debug
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- purposes (like <filename>/proc/ksyms</filename>).
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- </para>
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-
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- <para>
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- This guide describes the use of the procfs file system from
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- within the Linux kernel. It starts by introducing all relevant
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- functions to manage the files within the file system. After that
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- it shows how to communicate with userland, and some tips and
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- tricks will be pointed out. Finally a complete example will be
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- shown.
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- </para>
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-
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- <para>
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- Note that the files in <filename
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- class="directory">/proc/sys</filename> are sysctl files: they
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- don't belong to procfs and are governed by a completely
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- different API described in the Kernel API book.
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- </para>
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- </chapter>
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-
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-
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-
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-
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- <chapter id="managing">
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- <title>Managing procfs entries</title>
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-
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- <para>
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- This chapter describes the functions that various kernel
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- components use to populate the procfs with files, symlinks,
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- device nodes, and directories.
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- </para>
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-
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- <para>
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- A minor note before we start: if you want to use any of the
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- procfs functions, be sure to include the correct header file!
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- This should be one of the first lines in your code:
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- </para>
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-
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- <programlisting>
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-#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
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- </programlisting>
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-
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-
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-
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-
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- <sect1 id="regularfile">
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- <title>Creating a regular file</title>
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-
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- <funcsynopsis>
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- <funcprototype>
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- <funcdef>struct proc_dir_entry* <function>create_proc_entry</function></funcdef>
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- <paramdef>const char* <parameter>name</parameter></paramdef>
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- <paramdef>mode_t <parameter>mode</parameter></paramdef>
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- <paramdef>struct proc_dir_entry* <parameter>parent</parameter></paramdef>
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- </funcprototype>
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- </funcsynopsis>
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-
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- <para>
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- This function creates a regular file with the name
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- <parameter>name</parameter>, file mode
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- <parameter>mode</parameter> in the directory
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- <parameter>parent</parameter>. To create a file in the root of
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- the procfs, use <constant>NULL</constant> as
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- <parameter>parent</parameter> parameter. When successful, the
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- function will return a pointer to the freshly created
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- <structname>struct proc_dir_entry</structname>; otherwise it
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- will return <constant>NULL</constant>. <xref
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- linkend="userland"/> describes how to do something useful with
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- regular files.
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- </para>
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-
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- <para>
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- Note that it is specifically supported that you can pass a
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- path that spans multiple directories. For example
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- <function>create_proc_entry</function>(<parameter>"drivers/via0/info"</parameter>)
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- will create the <filename class="directory">via0</filename>
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- directory if necessary, with standard
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- <constant>0755</constant> permissions.
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- </para>
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-
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- <para>
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- If you only want to be able to read the file, the function
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- <function>create_proc_read_entry</function> described in <xref
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- linkend="convenience"/> may be used to create and initialise
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- the procfs entry in one single call.
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- </para>
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- </sect1>
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-
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-
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-
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-
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- <sect1 id="Creating_a_symlink">
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- <title>Creating a symlink</title>
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-
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- <funcsynopsis>
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- <funcprototype>
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- <funcdef>struct proc_dir_entry*
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- <function>proc_symlink</function></funcdef> <paramdef>const
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- char* <parameter>name</parameter></paramdef>
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- <paramdef>struct proc_dir_entry*
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- <parameter>parent</parameter></paramdef> <paramdef>const
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- char* <parameter>dest</parameter></paramdef>
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- </funcprototype>
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- </funcsynopsis>
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-
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- <para>
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- This creates a symlink in the procfs directory
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- <parameter>parent</parameter> that points from
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- <parameter>name</parameter> to
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- <parameter>dest</parameter>. This translates in userland to
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- <literal>ln -s</literal> <parameter>dest</parameter>
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- <parameter>name</parameter>.
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- </para>
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- </sect1>
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-
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- <sect1 id="Creating_a_directory">
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- <title>Creating a directory</title>
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-
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- <funcsynopsis>
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- <funcprototype>
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- <funcdef>struct proc_dir_entry* <function>proc_mkdir</function></funcdef>
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- <paramdef>const char* <parameter>name</parameter></paramdef>
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- <paramdef>struct proc_dir_entry* <parameter>parent</parameter></paramdef>
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- </funcprototype>
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- </funcsynopsis>
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-
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- <para>
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- Create a directory <parameter>name</parameter> in the procfs
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- directory <parameter>parent</parameter>.
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- </para>
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- </sect1>
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-
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-
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-
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-
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- <sect1 id="Removing_an_entry">
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- <title>Removing an entry</title>
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-
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- <funcsynopsis>
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- <funcprototype>
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- <funcdef>void <function>remove_proc_entry</function></funcdef>
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- <paramdef>const char* <parameter>name</parameter></paramdef>
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- <paramdef>struct proc_dir_entry* <parameter>parent</parameter></paramdef>
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- </funcprototype>
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- </funcsynopsis>
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-
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- <para>
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- Removes the entry <parameter>name</parameter> in the directory
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- <parameter>parent</parameter> from the procfs. Entries are
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- removed by their <emphasis>name</emphasis>, not by the
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- <structname>struct proc_dir_entry</structname> returned by the
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- various create functions. Note that this function doesn't
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- recursively remove entries.
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- </para>
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-
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- <para>
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- Be sure to free the <structfield>data</structfield> entry from
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- the <structname>struct proc_dir_entry</structname> before
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- <function>remove_proc_entry</function> is called (that is: if
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- there was some <structfield>data</structfield> allocated, of
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- course). See <xref linkend="usingdata"/> for more information
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- on using the <structfield>data</structfield> entry.
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- </para>
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- </sect1>
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- </chapter>
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-
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-
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-
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-
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- <chapter id="userland">
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- <title>Communicating with userland</title>
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-
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- <para>
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- Instead of reading (or writing) information directly from
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- kernel memory, procfs works with <emphasis>call back
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- functions</emphasis> for files: functions that are called when
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- a specific file is being read or written. Such functions have
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- to be initialised after the procfs file is created by setting
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- the <structfield>read_proc</structfield> and/or
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- <structfield>write_proc</structfield> fields in the
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- <structname>struct proc_dir_entry*</structname> that the
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- function <function>create_proc_entry</function> returned:
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- </para>
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-
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- <programlisting>
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-struct proc_dir_entry* entry;
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-
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-entry->read_proc = read_proc_foo;
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-entry->write_proc = write_proc_foo;
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- </programlisting>
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-
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- <para>
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- If you only want to use a the
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- <structfield>read_proc</structfield>, the function
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- <function>create_proc_read_entry</function> described in <xref
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- linkend="convenience"/> may be used to create and initialise the
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- procfs entry in one single call.
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- </para>
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-
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-
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-
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- <sect1 id="Reading_data">
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- <title>Reading data</title>
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-
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- <para>
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- The read function is a call back function that allows userland
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- processes to read data from the kernel. The read function
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- should have the following format:
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- </para>
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-
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- <funcsynopsis>
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- <funcprototype>
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- <funcdef>int <function>read_func</function></funcdef>
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- <paramdef>char* <parameter>buffer</parameter></paramdef>
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- <paramdef>char** <parameter>start</parameter></paramdef>
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- <paramdef>off_t <parameter>off</parameter></paramdef>
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- <paramdef>int <parameter>count</parameter></paramdef>
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- <paramdef>int* <parameter>peof</parameter></paramdef>
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- <paramdef>void* <parameter>data</parameter></paramdef>
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- </funcprototype>
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- </funcsynopsis>
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-
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- <para>
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- The read function should write its information into the
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- <parameter>buffer</parameter>, which will be exactly
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- <literal>PAGE_SIZE</literal> bytes long.
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- </para>
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-
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- <para>
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- The parameter
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- <parameter>peof</parameter> should be used to signal that the
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- end of the file has been reached by writing
|
|
|
|
- <literal>1</literal> to the memory location
|
|
|
|
- <parameter>peof</parameter> points to.
|
|
|
|
- </para>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <para>
|
|
|
|
- The <parameter>data</parameter>
|
|
|
|
- parameter can be used to create a single call back function for
|
|
|
|
- several files, see <xref linkend="usingdata"/>.
|
|
|
|
- </para>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <para>
|
|
|
|
- The rest of the parameters and the return value are described
|
|
|
|
- by a comment in <filename>fs/proc/generic.c</filename> as follows:
|
|
|
|
- </para>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <blockquote>
|
|
|
|
- <para>
|
|
|
|
- You have three ways to return data:
|
|
|
|
- </para>
|
|
|
|
- <orderedlist>
|
|
|
|
- <listitem>
|
|
|
|
- <para>
|
|
|
|
- Leave <literal>*start = NULL</literal>. (This is the default.)
|
|
|
|
- Put the data of the requested offset at that
|
|
|
|
- offset within the buffer. Return the number (<literal>n</literal>)
|
|
|
|
- of bytes there are from the beginning of the
|
|
|
|
- buffer up to the last byte of data. If the
|
|
|
|
- number of supplied bytes (<literal>= n - offset</literal>) is
|
|
|
|
- greater than zero and you didn't signal eof
|
|
|
|
- and the reader is prepared to take more data
|
|
|
|
- you will be called again with the requested
|
|
|
|
- offset advanced by the number of bytes
|
|
|
|
- absorbed. This interface is useful for files
|
|
|
|
- no larger than the buffer.
|
|
|
|
- </para>
|
|
|
|
- </listitem>
|
|
|
|
- <listitem>
|
|
|
|
- <para>
|
|
|
|
- Set <literal>*start</literal> to an unsigned long value less than
|
|
|
|
- the buffer address but greater than zero.
|
|
|
|
- Put the data of the requested offset at the
|
|
|
|
- beginning of the buffer. Return the number of
|
|
|
|
- bytes of data placed there. If this number is
|
|
|
|
- greater than zero and you didn't signal eof
|
|
|
|
- and the reader is prepared to take more data
|
|
|
|
- you will be called again with the requested
|
|
|
|
- offset advanced by <literal>*start</literal>. This interface is
|
|
|
|
- useful when you have a large file consisting
|
|
|
|
- of a series of blocks which you want to count
|
|
|
|
- and return as wholes.
|
|
|
|
- (Hack by Paul.Russell@rustcorp.com.au)
|
|
|
|
- </para>
|
|
|
|
- </listitem>
|
|
|
|
- <listitem>
|
|
|
|
- <para>
|
|
|
|
- Set <literal>*start</literal> to an address within the buffer.
|
|
|
|
- Put the data of the requested offset at <literal>*start</literal>.
|
|
|
|
- Return the number of bytes of data placed there.
|
|
|
|
- If this number is greater than zero and you
|
|
|
|
- didn't signal eof and the reader is prepared to
|
|
|
|
- take more data you will be called again with the
|
|
|
|
- requested offset advanced by the number of bytes
|
|
|
|
- absorbed.
|
|
|
|
- </para>
|
|
|
|
- </listitem>
|
|
|
|
- </orderedlist>
|
|
|
|
- </blockquote>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <para>
|
|
|
|
- <xref linkend="example"/> shows how to use a read call back
|
|
|
|
- function.
|
|
|
|
- </para>
|
|
|
|
- </sect1>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <sect1 id="Writing_data">
|
|
|
|
- <title>Writing data</title>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <para>
|
|
|
|
- The write call back function allows a userland process to write
|
|
|
|
- data to the kernel, so it has some kind of control over the
|
|
|
|
- kernel. The write function should have the following format:
|
|
|
|
- </para>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <funcsynopsis>
|
|
|
|
- <funcprototype>
|
|
|
|
- <funcdef>int <function>write_func</function></funcdef>
|
|
|
|
- <paramdef>struct file* <parameter>file</parameter></paramdef>
|
|
|
|
- <paramdef>const char* <parameter>buffer</parameter></paramdef>
|
|
|
|
- <paramdef>unsigned long <parameter>count</parameter></paramdef>
|
|
|
|
- <paramdef>void* <parameter>data</parameter></paramdef>
|
|
|
|
- </funcprototype>
|
|
|
|
- </funcsynopsis>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <para>
|
|
|
|
- The write function should read <parameter>count</parameter>
|
|
|
|
- bytes at maximum from the <parameter>buffer</parameter>. Note
|
|
|
|
- that the <parameter>buffer</parameter> doesn't live in the
|
|
|
|
- kernel's memory space, so it should first be copied to kernel
|
|
|
|
- space with <function>copy_from_user</function>. The
|
|
|
|
- <parameter>file</parameter> parameter is usually
|
|
|
|
- ignored. <xref linkend="usingdata"/> shows how to use the
|
|
|
|
- <parameter>data</parameter> parameter.
|
|
|
|
- </para>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <para>
|
|
|
|
- Again, <xref linkend="example"/> shows how to use this call back
|
|
|
|
- function.
|
|
|
|
- </para>
|
|
|
|
- </sect1>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <sect1 id="usingdata">
|
|
|
|
- <title>A single call back for many files</title>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <para>
|
|
|
|
- When a large number of almost identical files is used, it's
|
|
|
|
- quite inconvenient to use a separate call back function for
|
|
|
|
- each file. A better approach is to have a single call back
|
|
|
|
- function that distinguishes between the files by using the
|
|
|
|
- <structfield>data</structfield> field in <structname>struct
|
|
|
|
- proc_dir_entry</structname>. First of all, the
|
|
|
|
- <structfield>data</structfield> field has to be initialised:
|
|
|
|
- </para>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <programlisting>
|
|
|
|
-struct proc_dir_entry* entry;
|
|
|
|
-struct my_file_data *file_data;
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-file_data = kmalloc(sizeof(struct my_file_data), GFP_KERNEL);
|
|
|
|
-entry->data = file_data;
|
|
|
|
- </programlisting>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <para>
|
|
|
|
- The <structfield>data</structfield> field is a <type>void
|
|
|
|
- *</type>, so it can be initialised with anything.
|
|
|
|
- </para>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <para>
|
|
|
|
- Now that the <structfield>data</structfield> field is set, the
|
|
|
|
- <function>read_proc</function> and
|
|
|
|
- <function>write_proc</function> can use it to distinguish
|
|
|
|
- between files because they get it passed into their
|
|
|
|
- <parameter>data</parameter> parameter:
|
|
|
|
- </para>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <programlisting>
|
|
|
|
-int foo_read_func(char *page, char **start, off_t off,
|
|
|
|
- int count, int *eof, void *data)
|
|
|
|
-{
|
|
|
|
- int len;
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- if(data == file_data) {
|
|
|
|
- /* special case for this file */
|
|
|
|
- } else {
|
|
|
|
- /* normal processing */
|
|
|
|
- }
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- return len;
|
|
|
|
-}
|
|
|
|
- </programlisting>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <para>
|
|
|
|
- Be sure to free the <structfield>data</structfield> data field
|
|
|
|
- when removing the procfs entry.
|
|
|
|
- </para>
|
|
|
|
- </sect1>
|
|
|
|
- </chapter>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <chapter id="tips">
|
|
|
|
- <title>Tips and tricks</title>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <sect1 id="convenience">
|
|
|
|
- <title>Convenience functions</title>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <funcsynopsis>
|
|
|
|
- <funcprototype>
|
|
|
|
- <funcdef>struct proc_dir_entry* <function>create_proc_read_entry</function></funcdef>
|
|
|
|
- <paramdef>const char* <parameter>name</parameter></paramdef>
|
|
|
|
- <paramdef>mode_t <parameter>mode</parameter></paramdef>
|
|
|
|
- <paramdef>struct proc_dir_entry* <parameter>parent</parameter></paramdef>
|
|
|
|
- <paramdef>read_proc_t* <parameter>read_proc</parameter></paramdef>
|
|
|
|
- <paramdef>void* <parameter>data</parameter></paramdef>
|
|
|
|
- </funcprototype>
|
|
|
|
- </funcsynopsis>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <para>
|
|
|
|
- This function creates a regular file in exactly the same way
|
|
|
|
- as <function>create_proc_entry</function> from <xref
|
|
|
|
- linkend="regularfile"/> does, but also allows to set the read
|
|
|
|
- function <parameter>read_proc</parameter> in one call. This
|
|
|
|
- function can set the <parameter>data</parameter> as well, like
|
|
|
|
- explained in <xref linkend="usingdata"/>.
|
|
|
|
- </para>
|
|
|
|
- </sect1>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <sect1 id="Modules">
|
|
|
|
- <title>Modules</title>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <para>
|
|
|
|
- If procfs is being used from within a module, be sure to set
|
|
|
|
- the <structfield>owner</structfield> field in the
|
|
|
|
- <structname>struct proc_dir_entry</structname> to
|
|
|
|
- <constant>THIS_MODULE</constant>.
|
|
|
|
- </para>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <programlisting>
|
|
|
|
-struct proc_dir_entry* entry;
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-entry->owner = THIS_MODULE;
|
|
|
|
- </programlisting>
|
|
|
|
- </sect1>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <sect1 id="Mode_and_ownership">
|
|
|
|
- <title>Mode and ownership</title>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <para>
|
|
|
|
- Sometimes it is useful to change the mode and/or ownership of
|
|
|
|
- a procfs entry. Here is an example that shows how to achieve
|
|
|
|
- that:
|
|
|
|
- </para>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <programlisting>
|
|
|
|
-struct proc_dir_entry* entry;
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-entry->mode = S_IWUSR |S_IRUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH;
|
|
|
|
-entry->uid = 0;
|
|
|
|
-entry->gid = 100;
|
|
|
|
- </programlisting>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- </sect1>
|
|
|
|
- </chapter>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <chapter id="example">
|
|
|
|
- <title>Example</title>
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- <!-- be careful with the example code: it shouldn't be wider than
|
|
|
|
- approx. 60 columns, or otherwise it won't fit properly on a page
|
|
|
|
- -->
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
-&procfsexample;
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
- </chapter>
|
|
|
|
-</book>
|
|
|